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Baldwin effect
In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect, also known as Baldwinian evolution or ontogenic evolution, describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin suggested that an organism's ''ability to learn'' new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things ''inherited'' their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
=="A New Factor in Evolution"==
The effect, then unnamed, was first put forward in 1896 in a paper, "A New Factor in Evolution," by American psychologist James Mark Baldwin. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selection for general learning ability. As Robert Richards explains:
If animals entered a new environment — or their old environment rapidly changed — those
that could flexibly respond by learning new behaviors or by ontogenetically adapting would
be naturally preserved. This saved remnant would, over several generations, have the
opportunity to exhibit spontaneously congenital variations similar to their acquired traits and
have these variations naturally selected. It would look as though the acquired traits had sunk
into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian. (p. 399)
Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behavior of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire (Simpson, 1953; Newman, 2002). In the words of Daniel Dennett,
Thanks to the Baldwin effect, species can be said to pretest the efficacy of particular different designs by phenotypic (individual) exploration of the space of nearby possibilities. If a particularly winning setting is thereby discovered, this discovery will ''create'' a new selection pressure: organisms that are closer in the adaptive landscape to that discovery will have a clear advantage over those more distant. (p. 69,〔 quoting Dennett, 1991)
An update to the Baldwin Effect was developed by Jean Piaget, Paul Weiss, and Conrad Waddington in the 1960s-1970s. This new version included an explicit role for the social in shaping subsequent natural change in humans (both evolutionary and developmental), with reference to alterations of selection pressures.〔Burman, J. T. (2013). Updating the Baldwin Effect: The biological levels behind Piaget’s new theory. ''New Ideas in Psychology, 31''(3), 363-373. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2012.07.003〕
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